Kandji’s
latest
Demo
Day
focused
on
Assignment
Maps,
a
different
approach
to
Blueprints,
which
make
it
easier
to
assign
apps,
configurations,
and
settings
to
your
Apple
devices.
In
this
article,
we’ll
review
topics
covered
in …
On
March
13,
2025,
our
team
found
a
suspicious
mach-O
file
on
Virustotal
named
wsus.
After
our
initial
analysis
of
this
file
and
the
package
which
installed
it,
we
discovered
over
20
related
binaries
used …
Are
you
curious
where
your
peers
get
updates
on
the
latest
IT
and
security
news?
Or
maybe
you
have
an
inside
scoop
on
a
resource
or
conference
that
deserves
more
recognition?
We
were
curious,
too …
Web
browsers
are
the
gateway
to
the
internet,
a
ubiquitous
fixture
of
every
enterprise
device—making
them
a
critical
point
of
exposure.
When
managing
your
fleet
you
may
ask:
Are
we
aware
of
the
vulnerabilities
affecting …
Welcome
to
the
recap
of
our
first
Kandji
Demo
Day,
a
new
series
designed
to
go
deep
into
the
features,
workflows,
and
security
capabilities
of
the
Kandji
platform.
Whether
you're
already
a
customer
or
just …
In
the
world
of
enterprise
software,
we've
long
equated
complexity
with
capability.
The
more
buttons,
toggles,
and
configuration
screens
a
product
has,
the
more
powerful
it
must
be—or
so
conventional
wisdom
suggests.
But
as
AI …
Today
we
are
officially
announcing
the
opening
of
our
new
East
Coast
headquarters
to
further
our
global
scaling
efforts,
attract
world-class
talent,
and
support
rapid
customer
growth.
Our
new
East
Coast
headquarters
in
Miami
is …
As
spatial
computing
with
Apple’s
Vision
Pro
transforms
the
enterprise
landscape,
IT
teams
face
new
challenges
in
managing
and
securing
Apple
Vision
devices.
Today,
we're
excited
to
announce
Device
Management
for
Vision,
bringing
Vision
device …
Over
the
past
two
parts
of
this
series,
we’ve
explored
vulnerabilities
in
macOS’s
diskarbitrationd
daemon.
In
part
1,
we
explored
how
an
attacker
could
use
it
to
escape
the
sandbox
or
escalate
privileges.
In
part …
Over
the
last
few
months,
several
Swift
applications
have
been
attributed
to
the
North
Korea
Contagious
Interview
effort.
These
applications
are
presented
to
victims
as
part
of
a
fake
job
interview
process.
SentinelOne
recently
published …
With
attackers
exploiting
vulnerabilities
three
times
more
frequently
than
last
year,
managing
vulnerabilities
across
a
Mac
fleet
requires
comprehensive
visibility
and
timely
action.
Today,
the
Kandji
team
is
excited
to
announce
Kandji
Vulnerability
Management,
which …
Infostealers
targeting
macOS
are
evolving
rapidly,
making
continuous
monitoring
essential,
which
our
team
is
always
on
the
lookout
for.
Many
infostealers
share
similar
behaviors
aimed
at
exfiltrating
data
from
compromised
systems.
In
fact,
these
similarities …
Unlike
traditional
viruses
or
ransomware,
stealers
are
designed
with
a
singular
purpose:
to
quietly
infiltrate
systems
and
exfiltrate
sensitive
data—often
without
the
victim
even
realizing
it.
These
malicious
programs
are
highly
focused
on
gathering
personal …
Activation
Lock
is
a
theft-deterrent
feature
found
in
iOS
and
iPadOS
devices
and
modern
Mac
computers
(with
the
Apple
T2
Security
chip
and
Apple
silicon).
When
such
a
device
is
attempted
to
be
set
up …
As
attackers
increasingly
regard
Mac
computers
as
enterprise
targets
and
evolve
their
attack
methods,
file-based
malware
detections
can
fall
short
in
catching
emerging
and
unknown
threats.
Sophisticated
malware
can
evade
these
conventional
security
measures
by …
Kandji's
Threat
Research
team
recently
performed
an
audit
on
the
macOS
diskarbitrationd
and
storagekitd
system
daemons,
uncovering
several
vulnerabilities.
Our
team
reported
all
of
them
to
Apple
through
their
responsible
disclosure
program,
and
as
these …
Introduction
The
last
decade
has
seen
tremendous
growth
of
Apple
devices
in
the
enterprise.
It
started
with
the
popularity
of
the
iPhone
but
then
grew
to
include
the
much
wider
adoption
of
the
Mac
as …
Managing
developer
tools
across
a
fleet
of
Mac
devices
presents
unique
challenges
for
IT
teams.
While
tools
like
Homebrew
are
essential
for
developers,
ensuring
consistent
deployment
and
maintaining
visibility
across
an
organization's
devices
has
traditionally …
Whether
you're
managing
devices
for
a
retail
operation,
healthcare
facility,
or
service
organization,
your
teams
need
the
right
tools
to
get
their
work
done.
While
the
App
Store
is
great
for
public
apps,
you
often …
The
Kandji
team
is
always
looking
out
for
how
to
help
keep
your
devices
secure.
In
line
with
that,
our
Threat
Research
team
performed
an
audit
on
the
macOS
diskarbitrationd
and
storagekitd
system
daemons,
uncovering …
While
cyberattacks
continue
to
rise,
the
majority
of
IT
professionals
(72%)
believe
that
Apple
products
are
more
secure
than
other
end-user
devices,
according
to
new
survey
data.
Despite
growing
threats,
the
security
benefits
of
Apple …
In
order
to
provide
the
best
possible
coverage
for
Kandji
EDR,
the
threat
intelligence
team
conducts
threat
hunts
across
various
different
data
feeds.
On
October
15th,
2024
we
came
across
a
suspicious-looking
file
on
VirusTotal …
For
security
researchers,
sometimes
spending
time
reversing
a
potential
suspicious
file
does
not
result
in
it
being
malicious.
There
is
always
something
to
learn
from
these
efforts,
and
sometimes
they
can
result
in
an
interesting …
Educating
end-users
is
a
core
responsibility
for
security
teams.
Not
only
are
such
education
programs
required
by
compliance
regimes,
but
they’re
also
one
of
the
most
effective
ways
to
actually
maintain
security:
Users
are
now …
Kandji
has
just
released
Kai,
our
new
AI-powered
assistant
for
Apple
device
management.
Kai
allows
admins
to
quickly
gain
insights
into
the
state
of
their
Apple
device
fleets
using
simple,
natural-language
queries.
Kai
does
so …
We’ve
developed
a
new
integration
that
allows
Kandji
customers
to
use
their
Kandji
device
data
in
Microsoft
conditional
access
policies.
That
means
admins
can
now
control
access
to
organization
resources
based
on
whether
or
not …
Apple
has
released
its
latest
generation
of
operating
systems—macOS
Sequoia,
iOS
and
iPadOS
18
and
tvOS
18—and
Kandji
is
ready
for
all
of
them.
Right
now,
on
Day
1
of
their
release,
you
can
deploy …
When
you’re
migrating
from
one
MDM
solution
to
another,
you
have
to
move
the
devices
you’re
managing
with
you.
They
need
to
be
enrolled
in
that
new
solution
so
you
can
manage
them.
On
Mac, …
A
signed
file
named
TodoTasks
was
uploaded
to
VirusTotal
on
2024-07-24.
This
application
shares
several
behaviors
with
malware
we’ve
seen
that
originated
in
North
Korea
(DPRK)—specifically
the
threat
actor
known
as
BlueNoroff—such
as
KandyKorn
and …
On
July
29,
@4n6Bexaminer
tweeted
about
a
new
macOS
stealer.
Moments
later,
Hunt.io
tweeted
about
the
same
new
malware
and
then
released
a
blog
post
about
it
on
July
30.
That
post
focused
primarily
on …
Kandji’s
Auto
Apps
let
IT
teams
distribute
Mac
software
titles—nearly
200
and
counting—either
by
deploying
them
automatically
to
endpoints
or
by
letting
users
install
them
as
they
wish
via
Kandji’s
Self
Service.
We’re
now
adding …
One
of
Apple’s
biggest
announcements
at
this
year’s
WWDC
was
about
the
upcoming
release
of
what
the
company
calls
Apple
Intelligence.
But,
this
being
Apple,
it
wasn’t
just
a
jumping-on-the-bandwagon
announcement
about
AI.
Rather,
it’s …
We
say
it
every
year
at
this
time:
Now
that
Apple’s
Apple’s
beta
software
programs
for
its
next
operating
systems
are
open
(this
year,
that
includes
macOS
Sequoia,
iOS
and
iPadOS
18,
watchOS
11,
and …
There’s
no
question
that
modern
device
management
is
a
boon
to
IT
teams.
It
simplifies
and
centralizes
the
way
you
deploy
operating
systems,
apps,
and
settings
on
the
devices
your
organization
relies
on
to
get …
I
recently
came
across
a
persistence
feature
in
macOS
that's
tied
to
Dock
tile
plugins.
Dock
tiles
are
the
small
icons
that
appear
on
your
Dock
when
an
application
runs.
Plugins
for
these
Dock
tiles …
Kandji
has
raised
$100
million
in
capital
from
General
Catalyst,
with
$50
million
allocated
to
equity
financing
for
its
Series
D
and
$50
million
for
go-to-market
investment.
This
latest
round
brings
Kandji’s
valuation
to
$850 …
IT
admins
naturally
care
about
the
passcodes
their
users
choose
to
unlock
their
Apple
devices.
That’s
partly
because
the
passcode
is
one
of
the
first
and
best
lines
of
defense
for
those
devices.
But
it's …
We’ve
added
a
new
way
to
group
devices
in
Kandji:
tags.
You
can
now
define
device
groups
in
Kandji
based
on
the
tags
that
you
apply
to
them.
Among
other
applications,
you
can
use
tags …
WWDC
2024
has
concluded,
so
we
now
have
the
road
map
to
new
features
coming
to
Apple's
software
platforms
for
the
rest
of
2024.
While
much
of
the
show
coverage
focused
on
Apple’s
efforts
to …
Privileged
helpers
are
bits
of
software
that
assist
applications
by
running
elevated
privileged
actions
separate
from
the
app
itself.
XPC
is
Apple’s
interprocess
communication
mechanism
that
makes
this
possible.
To
date,
however,
Apple
has
not …
Today,
Kandji
is
excited
to
introduce
Assignment
Maps—an
entirely
new
way
to
manage
and
secure
fleets
of
Apple
devices.
They're
highly
visual,
highly
flexible,
and
will
give
admins
incredible
control
over
how
the
Apple
devices …
Since
our
initial
report
about
the
Cuckoo
malware,
there
have
been
some
updates
to
its
functionality
and
infection
vector
that
we
wanted
to
let
the
Apple
security
community
know
about.
In
a
recent
blog
post, …
CVE-2023-40424
is
a
vulnerability
that
allows
a
root-level
user
to
create
a
new
user
with
a
custom
Transparency
Consent
and
Control
(TCC)
database
in
macOS,
which
can
then
be
used
to
access
other
users’
private …
ISO
27001
is
a
compliance
standard
that
defines
in
general
terms
what
a
good
information
security
management
system
(ISMS)
should
do.
Such
systems
protect
the
security,
availability,
and
confidentiality
of
an
organization’s
information
assets
through …
We’re
excited
to
announce
that
Kandji
has
joined
the
Amazon
Web
Services
(AWS)
ISV
Accelerate
Program.
That
means
Kandji
has
met
that
program’s
stringent
requirements
for
best
practices
in
SaaS
and
opens
up
new
opportunities …
In
Kandji,
you
can
deploy
custom
apps—software
you
want
your
users
to
have
but
isn’t
available
as
one
of
Kandji’s
Auto
Apps
or
from
the
Mac
App
Store—using
our
Custom
App
Library
Item.
In
concrete …
On
April
24,
2024,
we
found
a
previously
undetected
malicious
Mach-O
binary
programmed
to
behave
like
a
cross
between
spyware
and
an
infostealer.
We
have
named
the
malware
Cuckoo,
after
the
bird
that
lays
its …
How
efficient
is
your
IT
team?
Historically,
that’s
been
a
straightforward
question,
with
an
equally
straightforward
answer:
You
look
at
the
number
of
help-desk
tickets
they
receive
in
a
given
time
period,
count
the
number …
Before
mobile
device
management
solutions
for
Apple
devices—such
as
Kandji—were
common,
there
was
Apple
Configurator.
Organizations
used
the
Mac
app
to
manage
iPad
and
iPhone
devices.
It
required
a
multitude
of
cables—and
often
a
customized …
On
April
3,
2024,
we
came
across
an
undetected
file
that
had
been
uploaded
to
the
online
virus-checker
VirusTotal
that
day
named
Clip.
Right
off
the
bat,
we
noticed
that
the
file
had
some
red …
Just
over
eight
years
ago,
at
its
2016
spring
media
event,
Apple
made
a
batch
of
product
announcements,
including
the
brand
new
iPhone
SE
and
iPad
Pro.
The
company
also
announced
the
upcoming
release
of …
Vulnerabilities
are
hot
topics
inside
the
world
of
security
research
and—because
of
their
potentially
dramatic
impacts—outside
as
well.
Unfortunately,
the
strategies
and
tactics
that
companies
like
Apple
take
to
prevent
specific
vulnerabilities—or
even
entire
families …
ServiceNow
is
a
giant
in
the
field
of
enterprise
resource
management.
While
its
primary
focus
was
initially
on
streamlining
IT
ticketing,
the
company
has
evolved
to
automate
all
kinds
of
business
processes—HR,
security,
customer
support, …
For
Apple
IT
teams
with
MDM
tools,
deploying
applications
to
users
is
a
familiar
and
relatively
straightforward
process.
Depending
on
the
app
and
the
MDM
solution,
it
could
mean
deploying
titles
from
the
macOS
App …
Atomic
macOS
Stealer
(AMOS)
was
first
spotted
in
early
2023.
It's
a
powerful
piece
of
malware
that
targets
Apple
users
and
tricks
them
into
installing
the
software
on
their
computers.
The
malware
is
sold
via …
Apple
IDs
have
long
been
integral
to
the
Mac,
iPhone,
and
iPad
experience.
People
are
accustomed
to
using
them
to
sign
in
to
services
on
their
Apple
devices—whether
those
devices
are
personal
or
professional.
However, …
As
someone
who
manages
Apple
devices
in
the
enterprise,
you
need
to
know
that
the
end-state
you
want
for
those
devices
is
indeed
being
enforced.
And
you
probably
need
to
produce
reports
about
the
state …
Ask
business
leaders
what
they’re
most
worried
about
this
year
(as
commercial
insurer
Allianz
does
annually),
and
their
most
common
reply
is
now
ransomware,
data
breaches,
and
other
cyber
threats.
Those
concerns
aren’t
unwarranted.
According …
At
some
point
in
your
career
as
a
Mac
admin,
you’ll
have
to
audit
your
organization’s
tech
stack.
Your
org
might
perform
such
audits
on
a
regular
schedule
or
whenever
major
software
contracts
are
up …
When
it
comes
to
managing
Mac
computers,
there
are
several
ways
IT
teams
can
configure
their
settings
remotely.
The
first
and
best
way
is
to
use
an
MDM
solution
(such
as
Kandji).
If
your
MDM …
With
computers,
there
are
usually
multiple
ways
to
perform
a
given
task.
On
Mac,
the
most
obvious
and
most
common
way
is
through
the
graphical
user
interface
(GUI)
using
a
keyboard,
mouse,
or
trackpad.
But …
The
Mac
Evaluation
Utility
(MEU)
started
out
as
an
informal
collection
of
scripts
that
Apple
engineers
and
consultants
would
use
to
evaluate
client
environments,
to
see
if
they
were
ready
for
the
deployment
of
Apple …
IT
teams
can
sometimes
get
so
focused
on
what
needs
to
be
done
right
now
that
they
forget
to
keep
an
eye
on
what's
headed
their
way.
We
don’t
have
any
special
crystal
balls,
of …
To
earn
the
internationally
recognized
ISO
27001
certification,
a
company
must
demonstrate
a
commitment
to
implementing
an
information
security
management
system
(ISMS)
followed
by
a
rigorous
two-stage
audit.
That’s
why
we’re
so
proud
to
announce …
Migrating
from
one
MDM
solution
to
another
can
be
a
huge
win
not
only
for
an
Apple
IT
team
but
for
its
organization
as
a
whole.
That
move
can
unlock
efficiencies,
reduce
costs,
and
improve …
As
an
Apple
admin,
there
are
times
you
need
to
manage
the
Home
Screen
on
your
organization’s
iOS
and
iPadOS
devices.
Perhaps
you
deploy
iPad
as
a
kiosk
in
retail
stores
or
as
a
dedicated …
Back
in
May
2022,
Apple
announced
a
new
series
of
online
IT
training
and
certification
programs.
These
programs
follow
three
tracks:
Apple
Device
Support,
Apple
Deployment
and
Management,
and
Apple
Business
Essentials.
The
first
is …
Just
two
weeks
ago,
we
announced
the
second
generation
of
Kandji’s
Managed
OS,
which
rebuilt
the
core
architecture
of
Managed
OS
to
optimize
performance
and
reliability.
We
were—and
are—justifiably
proud
of
that
announcement.
Today,
we’re …
The
biggest
challenge
faced
by
Mac
security
researchers
today:
Too
many
people
still
subscribe
to
the
idea
that
Mac
systems
are
impervious
to
security
threats.
That
was
the
top
takeaway
from
a
conversation
I
recently …
Packages
are
structured
files,
denoted
by
a
.pkg
or
.mpkg
file
extension,
used
to
carry
installable
software.
They
can
contain
app
and
software
components,
scripts,
receipts,
and
other
metadata
necessary
to
install,
update,
or
remove …
Maintaining
control
over
which
operating
systems
are
installed
on
which
devices,
and
then
keeping
those
OSes
up
to
date,
is
a
core
responsibility
for
any
Apple
admin.
Keeping
operating
systems
updated
protects
against
security
threats, …
Kandji
is
now
available
for
purchase
in
the
AWS
Marketplace,
the
digital
catalog
for
customers
of
Amazon
Web
Services
(AWS).
With
thousands
of
listings
from
independent
vendors,
AWS
Marketplace
makes
it
easy
for
those
customers …
Despite
the
rise
of
paperless
and
remote
offices,
managing
printers
is
still
a
thing,
something
Mac
admins
must
deal
with
every
day.
If
your
organization
has
just
one
printer
that
everybody
prints
to,
managing
that …
How
much
does
it
cost
your
organization
to
manage
its
Apple
devices?
Put
another
way,
how
much
value
does
your
device
management
system
deliver?
The
answer
to
those
questions
depends
on
more
than
just
the …
Apple's
new
Return
to
Service
feature—which
Kandji
now
supports—is
a
boon
to
you
as
an
admin
because
it
solves
several
specific
problems
that
had
previously
demanded
onerous
manual
interventions.
It'll
save
you
time
on
resetting …
When
your
organization
audits
security,
does
it
include
removable
storage
in
that
assessment?
If
not,
it
should:
According
to
one
survey,
while
87
percent
of
companies
still
use
USB
drives,
less
than
half
of
them …
It
isn’t
that
difficult
to
know
when
you
need
to
change
your
current
MDM
solution.
The
most
prominent
sign?
You
dread
making
any
changes—small
or
large—to
the
macOS,
iOS,
iPadOS,
or
tvOS
devices
you’re
managing …
We’ve
added
a
new
section
to
our
Single
Sign-On
Extension
Library
Item:
Platform
SSO.
But
this
is
one
Kandji
feature
that’s
built
as
much
for
the
future
as
it
is
for
the
present.
Let
us …
For
some
Apple
admins,
device
names
are
crucial
to
their
workflows.
It’s
the
fundamental
way
they
identify
specific
devices
for
remote
management
and
in-person
service.
Admins
also
build
workflows—often
involving
APIs—using
the
name
as
a …
Though
macOS
has
often
been
touted
as
being
more
secure
than
other
operating
systems,
it's
not
immune
to
threats.
That,
and
the
Mac’s
growing
market
share
in
the
enterprise,
are
two
reasons
why
there’s
a …
Kandji
is
pleased
to
announce
its
support
for
macOS
Sonoma.
One
major
result
of
that
support:
You
can
now
require
that
FileVault
be
enabled
during
Automated
Device
Enrollment.
FileVault
and
Automated
Device
Enrollment
For
a …
Kandji
is
pleased
to
announce
its
support
for
iOS,
iPadOS,
and
tvOS
17.
The
highlight:
a
new
Return
to
Service
workflow.
Return
to
Service
Kandji’s
new
Return
to
Service
workflow
is
going
to
make
life …
Since
their
launches
in
2007
and
2010
(respectively),
iPhone
and
iPad
have
been
adopted
for
an
ever-expanding
variety
of
business
uses.
While
they’ve
both
been
used
for
general-purpose
communications
and
productivity,
they’ve
also
proven
useful …
Switching
from
one
MDM
solution
to
another
on
a
Mac
fleet
is
no
trivial
undertaking.
There
are
many
moving
parts
to
coordinate,
and
failure
to
think
it
all
through
could
render
your
fleet
unprotected
at …
Anyone
who
manages
Apple
devices
has
had
at
least
some
contact
with
Managed
Apple
IDs.
Like
personal
Apple
IDs,
the
managed
kind
can
be
used
to
access
Apple
devices
and
services.
But
unlike
personal
IDs, …
While
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
could
be
a
world-changing
technology,
we’ve
also
seen
some
dire
warnings
about
the
dangers
it
might
pose.
Regardless
of
what
you
think
about
those
warnings,
as
an
Apple
admin
you
do …
Apple’s
remarkable
rise
in
the
enterprise
continues:
In
a
survey
of
IT
leaders
in
organizations
with
1,000
or
more
employees,
76
percent
said
that
the
use
of
Apple
devices
in
their
companies
increased
over
the …
There’s
a
lot
of
information
available
to
Apple
admins
about
the
best
ways
to
onboard
devices
and
deploy
them
to
users.
We’ve
got
Automated
Device
Enrollment,
zero-touch
deployment,
and
other
workflows
that
help
at
the …
We’ve
talked
before
about
why
endpoint
detection
and
response
matters
and
about
how
important
it
is
for
you,
as
an
Apple
admin,
to
have
a
security
solution
in
place
for
the
devices
you
manage.
You …
As
director
of
security
and
compliance
at
Neural
Payments,
David
Patrick
knows
he
can’t
be
complacent
about
the
Apple
endpoints
in
his
care.
“Previously,
we
could
just
say,
‘It's
an
Apple
device,
there
is
no …
It’s
been
more
than
five
years
since
Apple
introduced
the
concept
of
secure
token
in
macOS.
But
for
many
Mac
admins,
that
technology
can
still
be
a
source
of
some
confusion.
It
doesn’t
help
that, …
As
an
Apple
admin,
setting
up
new
devices
for
end
users
became
trickier
in
the
last
couple
of
years.
With
so
many
employees
suddenly
working
outside
the
office,
the
workflows
for
equipping
them
with
Apple …
The
goal
is
straightforward.
You
want
a
system
that
will
let
your
users
present
their
credentials
once
and
then
have
access
to
everything
they
need:
their
user
accounts
on
computers,
phones,
or
tablets;
native
applications …
Mac
administration
is
always
evolving.
One
example
of
that
evolution:
Many
Mac
admins
these
days
are
being
asked
to
at
least
help
manage
the
security
of
their
Mac
fleets.
That,
in
turn,
means
they
need …
When
Apple
first
introduced
declarative
device
management
(DDM)
in
2021,
the
company
dubbed
the
new
framework
“the
future
of
device
management.”
DDM
improves
on
traditional
MDM
by
pushing
much
of
the
responsibility
for
device
management …
Now
that
working
from
anywhere
on
any
device
is
the
new
norm,
it
has
become
increasingly
imperative
to
prove
that
endpoint
devices
accessing
corporate
apps
and
resources
are
secure.
This
is
where
Kandji's
new
integration …
Device
enrollment—how
you
actually
get
a
new
(or
not-so-new)
device
under
management—is
one
of
the
standout
features
of
Apple’s
device
management
ecosystem.
For
new
devices
purchased
through
Apple
itself
or
an
authorized
retailer,
the
process …
In
case
you
hadn’t
heard,
Apple
is
holding
its
annual
Worldwide
Developers
Conference
this
week.
While
the
Vision
Pro
headset
and
other
consumer-oriented
hardware
got
most
of
the
attention,
Apple
also
made
some
announcements
of …
Kandji
has
started
to
gradually
turn
on
Declarative
Device
Management
(DDM)
for
all
eligible
Apple
devices
currently
under
management.
We
will
also
be
enabling
it
on
devices
as
they
become
eligible.
We
will
keep
doing …
Apple
uses
a
layered
approach
system
to
protect
Mac
users
against
malware.
The
three
layers
are:
Prevent
the
launch
or
execution
of
malware;
Block
malware
from
running
on
customer
systems;
and
Remediate
malware
that
has …
Deploying
apps
to
Apple
devices
is
a
fundamental
job
for
any
admin,
but
it
isn’t
a
trivial
one.
That’s
because
there
are
several
pathways
to
acquiring
those
apps,
and
you
need
to
figure
out
which …
When
was
the
last
time
you
or
someone
in
your
organization
needed
their
Mac
password
to
be
something
different
than
what
it
previously
was?
There
are
two
ways
to
do
that:
change
or
reset.
But …
Shell
scripts
are
indispensable
for
managing
Mac
computers.
That
makes
shell
scripting
a
vital
skill
for
Mac
admins.
If
you're
one
of
them,
chances
are
you
already
know
at
least
the
rudiments
of
scripting.
But …
Chances
are
your
IT
team
has
a
library
of
shared
files
that
you
all
use
and,
more
importantly,
that
you
all
edit.
That
library
might
include
shell
scripts
you
deploy
to
new
Mac
computers
that …
Mac
malware
has
been
around
as
long
as
the
Mac
itself.
But
historically,
the
problem
received
little
attention
from
Apple
and
its
customers.
That
neglect
was
largely
benign
because,
while
Mac
malware
did
exist,
it …
We’ve
updated
the
Kandji
menu
bar
app
to
make
it
more
useful
for
users
and
admins
alike.
The
new
interface
gives
end-users
easier
access
to
the
Kandji
Self
Service
app
and
provides
a
clearer
view …
Kandji
today
announced
the
general
availability
of
Kandji
Endpoint
Detection
&
Response.
With
this
launch,
Kandji
is
continuing
to
empower
enterprise
IT
and
security
teams
to
keep
every
Apple
user
secure
and
productive
using
connected …
Kandji
now
uses
Declarative
Device
Management
(DDM)
status
reports
to
track
operating
system
versions
and
iOS
app
installations.
In
our
initial
launch
of
support
for
DDM
for
supervised
devices,
we
updated
our
Passcode
Library
Item …
When
more
companies
began
letting
their
employees
work
from
home
a
few
years
ago,
device
security
and
productivity
became
more
important
than
ever
for
IT.
Beyond
just
figuring
out
how
to
make
sure
remote
team …
The
IT
world
loves
its
three-letter
acronyms.
As
part
of
that
world,
Apple
device
management
is
no
different.
If
you
deploy
and
manage
fleets
of
Mac
computers
and
iPhone
or
iPad
devices
for
an
organization, …
Not
too
long
ago,
binding
Mac
computers
to
Active
Directory
(or
other
directory
services)
was
standard
practice
in
Apple
device
management.
At
the
time,
keeping
domain
and
certificate
services
onsite
was
the
only
option,
and …
Not
long
ago,
a
Kandji
customer
reached
out
because
they’d
received
a
notification
that
they
needed
to
renew
their
certificate
for
the
Apple
Push
Notification
Service
(APNs).
But
when
they
tried
to
do
so,
they …
A
while
back,
we
offered
up
an
introductory
tutorial
on
APIs
and
how
they’re
used
in
the
context
of
managing
Apple
devices.
Apple
admins
use
APIs
all
the
time,
whether
they
know
it
or
not …
Passport
now
supports
Google
Workspace.
That
means
you
can
give
your
Mac
users
a
login
experience
that
feels
native
to
their
Mac
yet
leverages
their
Google
credentials.
They
get
more
secure
logins,
with
just
one …
If
your
business
is
using
Microsoft
Azure
Active
Directory
(Azure
AD)
or
Google
Workspace
as
your
identity
provider
(IdP),
then
you
can
use
federated
authentication
to
connect
your
instance
with
Apple
Business
Manager.
This
is …
Okta’s
annual
Businesses
at
Work
report
provides
an
in-depth
look
into
the
applications
that
workforces
around
the
world
are
using
to
stay
productive.
More
than
17,000
Okta
customers
were
surveyed
for
this
year's
study.
And …
Apple
Business
Manager
is
a
critical
tool
for
anyone
who
manages
Apple
devices.
It
provides
a
critical
link
between
your
Apple
device
management
solution
and
your
devices,
enabling
things
like
Automated
Device
Enrollment
(ADE).
Add …
Managed
Apple
Accounts
are
Apple
Accounts
(formerly
Apple
IDs)
that
your
organization
owns,
controls,
and
assigns
to
users.
Like
any
Apple
Account,
Managed
Apple
Accounts
can
be
used
to
sign
in
to
devices
and
services …
We’ve
added
a
new
Bookmarks
Library
Item
that
lets
you
give
your
users
easy
access
to
your
organization’s
resources.
You
do
so
by
configuring
that
Library
Item
with
links
to
your
organization’s
resources.
Those
links …
Back
in
the
day,
organizational
security
was
built
around
the
idea
of
a
firewall:
The
security
system
blocked
access
to
resources
within
the
organization
from
external
bad
actors.
Originally,
that
paradigm
was
literal:
You
established …
Securing
sensitive
company
data
is
one
of
the
top
priorities
for
any
IT
department.
For
businesses
that
run
on
Apple,
FileVault
is
an
essential
tool
for
Mac
security.
By
encrypting
all
of
the
information
on …
Apple
Business
Manager
is
a
free
service
provided
by
Apple
that
allows
organizations
to
manage
three
things:
devices,
apps,
and
accounts.
Simply
put,
if
your
organization
owns
Apple
devices,
you
should
be
using
Apple
Business …
In
the
old
days,
IT
was
very
top-down:
Users
had
to
call
the
IT
department
for
help
with
everything
from
a
busted
keyboard
to
installing
a
new
version
of
Word.
In
time,
an
admin
would …
Kandji
is
excited
to
announce
an
important
update
to
our
standard
support
hours,
which
will
now
provide
Kandji
customers
across
the
globe
even
more
access
to
the
Kandji
Support
team.
Kandji
Support
has
officially
been …
If
you
manage
Apple
devices,
"supervision"
is
one
of
the
most
important
concepts
you
need
to
understand.
It's
often
confused
with
management,
but
the
two
terms
do
not
mean
the
same
thing.
In
this
article, …
When
it
comes
to
Mac
malware,
IT
and
security
staff
are
well
aware
of
the
most
common
infection
vectors:
malicious
emails
or
attachments,
Trojanized
applications,
or
attackers
leveraging
both
known
and
unknown
exploits.
Apple
consistently …
Back
in
September,
Kandji
introduced
assignment
rules.
These
rules
took
a
core
component
of
Kandji
device
management—Blueprints—and
made
them
even
smarter.
We’ve
now
dramatically
expanded
the
scope
of
what
assignment
rules
can
do
and
how …
Provisioning
and
deployment:
A
lot
of
the
time,
people
who
work
in
or
around
IT
use
the
two
terms
interchangeably.
But
they
don’t
mean
the
same
thing.
At
a
high
level,
provisioning
is
the
act …
Organizations
that
manage
iPhone
and
iPad
fleets
need
a
scalable,
centrally-managed
way
to
track
lost
devices,
but
they
don’t
want
to
compromise
their
users’
privacy.
Kandji’s
new
Lost
Mode
gives
them
a
way
to
accomplish …
Most
people—even
some
admins—don’t
think
twice
about
logging
into
the
office
Wi-Fi
network.
Typically,
they
just
supply
a
username
and
password,
their
Apple
devices
log
in,
and
they
never
think
about
what
just
happened.
But …
Like
the
Mac
admins
they
work
with,
Kandji’s
product
engineers
have
to
deal
with
a
lot
of
everyday
computing
chores—tracking
projects,
doing
presentations,
recording
screens,
processing
text,
and
so
on—in
addition
to
their
more
specialized …
Kandji
admins
can
now
set
shorter
enforcement
timeframes
for
automatically
updating
apps
from
the
Kandji
Auto
App
catalog.
Prior
to
this
latest
release,
Kandji
admins
could
choose
patching
deadlines
from
one
week
to
three
months …
A
few
months
ago,
we
told
you
about
how
you—as
an
IT
admin
in
the
enterprise—can
think
about
the
mass
deployment
of
Apple
devices.
Our
main
point
then:
When
it
comes
to
deploying
hundreds
or …
For
years
now,
many
Mac
apps
have
been
installing
components
that
launch
automatically
at
login
and/or
that
run
in
the
background.
It’s
always
been
hard
for
users
to
keep
track
of
these
surreptitious
bits
of …
Today
Kandji
is
announcing
first-in-the-market
support
for
active
Declarative
Device
Management
(DDM)
for
supervised
devices.
Not
only
has
Kandji
enabled
DDM,
but
we
also
support
actively
managing
configuration
declarations—one
of
the
core
technologies
that
powers …
Today,
Kandji
is
excited
to
announce
our
integration
with
Teams,
Microsoft's
video
conferencing,
messaging,
and
all-around
collaboration
platform.
Using
the
new
Teams
integration,
Kandji
customers
can
connect
to
their
Teams
account,
create
notifications,
and
manage …
With
the
release
of
macOS
Ventura,
many
Apple
admins
may
be
wondering
about
how
to
defer
upgrades
to
the
new
OS.
As
a
Mac
IT
person,
you
may
not
want
everyone
in
your
organization
to …
Today,
Kandji
is
pleased
to
announce
same-day
support
for
Apple’s
latest
operating
system
releases:
macOS
Ventura
and
iPadOS
16.
(iOS
16
and
tvOS
16
were
released
on
September
12;
Kandji
supported
all
applicable
functionality
in …
Kandji,
today
announced
its
revolutionary
new
Device
Harmony
platform,
which
tears
down
the
wall
between
enterprise
IT
and
InfoSec
teams,
so
they
can
truly
work
together
to
keep
every
Apple
user
secure
and
productive.
“Historically, …
Although
Apple
designs
security
into
its
hardware,
software,
and
services,
Apple
devices
are
not
immune
to
malware
and
unwanted
software
installation.
According
to
Malwarebytes’
2022
Threat
Review,
the
vast
majority
of
malware
detections
on
Apple …
At
some
point
in
your
IT
career,
you’ve
no
doubt
spent
a
good
chunk
of
your
time
stationed
on
the
help
desk,
fielding
questions
from
users
and
helping
them
troubleshoot
their
Mac
computers.
During
that …
Blueprints
are
the
cornerstone
of
Kandji’s
device
management
platform.
They
streamline
how
you
organize
configurations
and
software
and
continually
enforce
parameters
for
managed
devices.
And
now,
we’ve
made
Blueprints
smarter
with
assignment
rules.
These
rules …
Today,
Apple
released
iOS
16
and
tvOS
16
to
the
public.
We’ve
thoroughly
tested
all
Kandji
services
with
iOS
16
and
tvOS
16
including
enrollment,
payload
and
restrictions
deployment,
Self
Service
and
more.
We
are …
At
a
high
level,
virtualization
allows
you
to
run
multiple
operating
systems
on
a
single
computer;
those
multiple
instances
are
called
virtual
machines,
or
“VMs”
for
short.
Apple
silicon
and
macOS
make
virtualization
possible
on …
Kandji
has
new
Managed
OS
Library
Items
for
iOS,
iPadOS,
and
tvOS.
This
expanded
operating
system
support
is
now
available
to
all
customers.
Managed
OS
enables
administrators
to
automate
operating
system
updates,
even
major
OS …
The
primary
function
of
Apple
devices
in
an
organization
is,
of
course,
to
provide
computing
and
communications
for
individual
users.
But
that’s
not
the
only
purpose
they
can
serve.
One
of
the
most
common
alternatives: …
Last
year,
Kandji
introduced
Passport,
which
makes
the
login
process
easier
for
end
users
by
letting
them
sign
in
to
their
local
device
accounts
with
the
same
single
sign-on
credentials
they
use
with
their
organizations' …
Switching
your
organization
from
one
mobile
device
management
solution
to
another
is
not
a
trivial
undertaking.
It
can
be
a
substantial
project
requiring
careful
planning
and
detailed
execution.
But
if
your
current
MDM
solution
isn’t …
Dear
Apple
software
developer,
I’m
writing
today
as
just
one
of
the
thousands
of
Apple
device
administrators
worldwide
who
work
in
institutions
large
and
small,
in
education
and
enterprise.
I
wanted
to
talk
to
you …
The
job
of
installing
apps
on
your
organization’s
Mac
computers—one
of
the
most
fundamental
responsibilities
for
any
Apple
admin—is
complicated
by
the
fact
that
there
are
still
two
different
Mac
processor
types
in
use:
Intel …
Organizations
can
use
a
variety
of
signals
when
making
decisions
about
allowing
access
to
enterprise
resources.
Relying
solely
on
authentication
via
password
isn’t
enough:
According
to
data
from
Webtribunal,
50
percent
of
people
use
the …
One
common
way
to
authenticate
a
user’s
identity
is
with
username
and
password
credentials.
Another,
especially
in
enterprise
environments,
is
with
Public
Key
Infrastructure
(PKI)
certificates
(also
known
simply
as
digital
certificates).
Active
Directory
Certificate …
For
Apple
IT
teams
whose
end-users
speak
languages
other
than
English,
Kandji
now
supports
localized
languages
in
the
macOS
menu
bar
item,
in
the
Self
Service
app
(for
macOS,
iOS,
and
iPadOS),
and
in
the …
Over
the
past
several
years,
Apple
has
made
a
number
of
deep
platform
changes
to
both
macOS
and
Mac
hardware
that
have
resulted
in
enormous
shifts
in
how
Mac
computers
are
deployed
and
managed.
Among …
For
IT
teams
deploying
Mac
computers,
the
question
is:
To
create
local
IT
admin
accounts
on
those
computers
or
not?
To
be
clear
on
what
we’re
talking
about:
A
local
IT
admin
account
is
a …
In
Apple
device
management,
automation
is
everything.
The
more
of
your
work
that
you
can
automate
via
scripts,
APIs,
and
other
tools,
the
less
you
have
to
do
manually
and
the
more
time
you
have …
For
many
years,
if
employees
were
given
a
choice
in
the
kind
of
digital
device
they’d
use
for
work,
it
was
usually
a
binary
one:
Mac
or
PC.
But
IT
teams
now
frequently
get
requests …
Last
week’s
WWDC
included
nearly
200
sessions.
Most
of
them
focused
on
topics
of
interest
primarily
to
developers
(rightly
enough),
but
many
had
announcements
of
interest
to
Apple
admins
as
well.
If
you
weren’t
able …
Last
year,
at
WWDC
2021,
Apple
introduced
a
new
concept
for
Apple
admins:
Dubbed
declarative
device
management
(a.k.a.
declarative
MDM),
it
was
an
evolutionary
advance
of
the
MDM
protocol.
The
declarative
model
is
designed
to …
As
workers
return
to
the
office,
managing
their
access
to
company
Wi-Fi
is
once
again
top-of-mind
for
many
Mac
admins.
It’s
been
top
of
mind
for
Kandji,
too:
We’ve
updated
and
expanded
our
Wi-Fi
Library …
For
Mac
admins,
single
sign-on
(SSO)
sounds
like
a
great
idea.
In
that
ideal
world,
a
user
would
turn
on
their
Mac
computer,
sign
in
with
their
credentials,
and
then—with
that
one
sign-in—have
access
to …
When
you
think
of
mass
deployments
of
Apple
devices,
you
might
typically
think
of
schools.
IT
admins
who
work
in
education
know
all
about
deploying
hundreds,
if
not
thousands,
of
devices
at
once
and
what …
Kandji
makes
it
simple
to
configure
and
deliver
applications
and
operating
systems
to
end-user
devices.
You
just
select
the
appropriate
Auto
App
or
Managed
OS
Library
Item,
set
it
up
the
way
you
want,
then …
On
the
Internet,
nobody
knows
who
you
are–only
who
you
say
you
are.
Our
digital
interactions
happen
on
servers
and
devices,
with
people
we
may
never
see
in
person.
So
how
do
we
know
that …
Mac
users
have
long
enjoyed
the
platform’s
open
approach
to
computing.
There
was
an
exposed
file
system,
no
limitations
on
how
many
apps
you
could
run
at
once,
and
scripts
that
took
action
when
triggered …
Application
programming
interfaces—better
known
as
APIs—make
it
possible
for
one
service
to
talk
to
another
without
needing
to
know
how
the
other
one
works.
They
create
a
common
language
that
disparate
services
can
use
to …
Maybe
a
batch
of
new
iPhone
devices
you
just
bought
aren’t
showing
up
in
Apple
Business
Manager.
Or
licenses
you
recently
purchased
from
Apps
and
Books
can’t
be
found
in
your
device
management
solution.
Or …
Kandji's
new
Recovery
Password
Library
Item
allows
you
to
configure
and
apply
recovery
passwords
(to
Mac
computers
with
Apple
silicon)
and
EFI
firmware
passwords
(for
Intel-based
Mac
computers),
in
order
to
protect
against
unauthorized
startup …
What
kind
of
accounts
should
you
create
when
you
provision
Mac
computers
for
your
users:
admin
or
standard?
It’s
an
age-old
question
in
Apple
IT.
It’s
an
argument
that
pulls
on
many
threads,
including
user …
As
an
IT
admin,
you’ve
almost
certainly
had
to
check
some
form
of
log
when
investigating
a
problem.
Logs
tell
the
story
of
what’s
happening
on
a
system,
so
they
can
be
enormously
helpful
in …
Kandji
now
integrates
with
PacketFence,
the
free,
open-source
network
access
control
(NAC)
solution
that
allows
admins
to
effectively
secure
networks
of
all
sizes.
The
integration
ensures
that
the
Kandji
Agent
is
installed
properly
on
devices …
Two
years
ago,
IT
departments
all
over
the
world
got
a
crash
course
in
managing
remote
workforces.
Mac
admins
had
to
quickly
figure
out
how
to
keep
employees
equipped,
connected,
and
secure,
regardless
of
where …
We’ve
updated
Auto
Apps
to
give
admins
greater
control
over
the
notifications
those
apps
generate
for
users.
In
the
configuration
module
for
a
given
Auto
App,
you’ll
see
a
new
Notifications
section.
When
the
toggle …
It’s
one
thing
for
a
Mac
admin
to
distribute
apps
to
users.
It’s
another
thing
to
make
sure
those
apps
stay
up
to
date.
Patch
management
isn’t
just
about
making
sure
your
users
have
the …
Distributing
and
managing
apps
is
one
of
a
Mac
admin’s
core
responsibilities.
Apple
makes
this
relatively
easy
for
some
apps,
thanks
to
Apple
Business
Manager's
Apps
and
Books
feature.
Unfortunately,
not
every
business
app
an …
Kandji
now
integrates
with
Foqal
Agent,
the
service-desk
and
automation
tool
that
lets
IT
admins
use
Slack
to
create
support
tickets—either
in
Foqal’s
ticketing
system
or
another.
Foqal
uses
its
Kandji
integration
to
display
device …
Kandji
has
completely
revamped
the
Integrations
section
of
our
web
app.
That
section,
where
you
configure
the
integration
of
third-party
apps
and
services
with
Kandji,
has
been
moved
out
of
Settings
to
a
section
of …
It
shouldn’t
surprise
anyone
that
Apple
is
removing
Python
2.7
from
the
upcoming
macOS
12.3
release:
As
far
back
as
2019,
the
company
said
it
was
deprecating
the
scripting
and
programming
language
and
that
Python …
At
the
end
of
the
day,
what
is
a
Mac
admin’s
primary
responsibility?
To
deliver
hardware?
To
maintain
security?
To
just
keep
the
trains
running?
Some
would
argue
that
the
real
goal
is
to
keep …
Last
year,
Kandji
commissioned
a
survey
to
find
out
how
IT
admins
and
leaders
in
the
United
States
were
dealing
with
the
new
hybrid
workplace—in
which
some
employees
work
remotely,
some
are
in
the
office, …
Drata
is
a
fast-growing
SaaS
company
that
provides
seamless
compliance
with
SOC
2,
ISO
27001,
PCI
DSS,
and
HIPAA,
by
automating
the
process
of
collecting
evidence
across
an
organization’s
tech
stack.
That
evidence
allows
companies …
How
do
you
want
the
devices
you
manage
to
be
configured?
What
settings
do
you
want
to
be
enforced,
which
apps
do
you
want
to
be
installed,
how
often
should
the
OS
be
updated—in
other …
Kandji
is
excited
to
announce
our
integration
with
Secureframe.
Information
about
devices
in
your
Kandji
instance
can
be
pulled
into
Secureframe
to
inform
SOC
2,
ISO
27001,
and
HIPAA
security
controls
and
to
simplify
audit …
Kandji
is
pleased
to
announce
our
partnership
with
Trusona.
You
can
now
use
Kandji
to
deploy
Trusona’s
multifactor
authentication
(MFA)
solution
for
Mac
computers
at
scale.
Trusona’s
MFA
solution
for
macOS
(which
requires
macOS
1014 …
Back
in
2019,
at
its
Worldwide
Developers
Conference
(WWDC),
Apple
announced
some
major
changes
to
the
way
software
developers
would
be
able
to
interact
with
macOS.
Specifically,
the
company
said
that
kernel
extensions
(kexts)
would …
Kandji
is
pleased
to
announce
an
update
to
our
Software
Update
Library
Item,
as
well
as
two
new
Auto
Apps.
Software
Update
Library
Item
The
Software
Update
Library
Item
has
been
updated
to
provide
more …
Let’s
be
honest:
Sometimes
there’s
a
trust
gap
between
IT
and
end-users.
Admins
may
promulgate
a
policy
without
explaining
the
“why”
behind
it.
Users
may
then
try
to
circumvent
or
disregard
that
policy.
And
back …
We
are
pleased
to
announce
a
new
version
of
our
Self
Service
app
for
Apple's
mobile
platforms.
The
Kandji
Self
Service
app
for
macOS
has
long
provided
an
easy
way
for
users
to
download
software …
Kandji
is
pleased
to
announce
newly
expanded
hours
for
customer
support,
as
well
as
a
slew
of
recently
added
Auto
Apps.
New
Support
Hours
Kandji’s
support
hours
have
expanded:
You
can
now
reach
a
live …
Back
at
WWDC
2021
in
June,
Apple
announced
a
slew
of
exciting
changes
that
are
coming
to
device
management,
from
declarative
MDM
to
erase
all
content
and
settings
for
Mac.
With
the
arrival
of
iOS …
Kandji
is
excited
to
announce
the
release
of
a
new
Library
Item
that
will
give
Apple
admins
finer
control
over
data
flows
on
iOS
and
iPadOS
devices,
as
well
as
updates
to
Restrictions
profiles.
Both …
If
you
manage
Apple
devices,
sooner
or
later
you’ll
consider
the
question:
Should
we
switch
from
our
current
device-management
solution
to
another?
That
question
immediately
leads
to
a
host
of
others,
and
pretty
soon
the …
Weak
and
forgotten
passwords
have
always
been
a
sore
spot
for
IT.
Single
sign-on
(SSO)
with
SAML
can
ease
that
pain,
by
simplifying
the
login
experience
and
enforcing
secure
authentication.
In
this
article,
we’ll
provide …
Kandji
has
announced
that
it
has
raised
$100
million
in
Series
C
funding,
at
a
nearly
10x
increase
in
valuation
since
the
company’s
Series
A
funding
round
one
year
ago.
This
latest
round
was
led …
Today,
Kandji
announced
the
release
of
Passport,
an
authentication
product
that
creates
a
seamless,
one-password
sign-in
experience
for
users.
Kandji
Passport
validates
the
credentials
a
user
provides
during
Mac
login
against
an
organization’s
cloud-based
identity …
Apple
device
management
has
changed
dramatically
over
the
past
decade,
and
it’s
poised
to
change
even
more
dramatically
in
the
not-too-distant
future.
Recently,
Kandji
hosted
a
panel
discussion
to
discuss
the
ways
device
management
can …
Kandji,
the
leader
in
modern
Apple
device
management,
today
announced
the
results
of
a
global
survey
of
more
than
300
IT
professionals
about
the
correlation
of
hybrid
work
and
Apple
adoption
in
the
enterprise.
Commissioned …
By
now,
you’ve
no
doubt
heard
a
lot
about
the
“hybrid
workplace”:
After
a
year-plus
when
many
employees
worked
entirely
at
home,
many
are
now
filtering
back
to
the
office.
In
some
cases,
“hybrid”
means …
iCloud
Private
Relay
is
Apple's
latest
initiative
to
protect
consumer
privacy.
The
service—which
debuts
as
a
public
beta
in
macOS
Monterey
and
iOS
and
iPadOS
15
and
will
be
included
with
iCloud+
subscriptions—is
designed
to …
Back
in
June,
Apple
announced
new
versions
of
its
operating
systems:
macOS
Monterey
and
iOS/iPadOS
15.
Sometime
this
fall,
those
new
OSes
will
be
officially
released.
In
the
meantime,
Apple
has
made
prerelease
versions
of …